肿瘤瞭望消化时讯

辅助/围手术期系统化疗:应该成为可切除结直肠癌肝转移的标准治疗吗?

编者按:结直肠癌是美国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,肝转移是导致死亡的一个主要原因[1]。在治疗选择中,多学科护理团队必须经常考虑手术切除,因为手术是结直肠癌肝转移唯一可能治愈的治疗方法。不幸的是,只有少数患者可以接受手术治疗。此外,尽管进行了结直肠肝转移瘤(CRLM)的切缘阴性的手术切除,但大多数患者(>70%)在切除后仍会复发,且复发部位通常在肝脏内[2]。这些概率为考虑全身化疗以根除微转移性疾病并改善这些患者的无复发生存(RFS)和总生存(OS)提供了理论依据。本文中,针对“辅助/围手术期系统化疗是否应成为可切除结直肠癌肝转移的标准治疗”这一问题,Northwell Health癌症研究所的外科肿瘤学专家Sepideh Gholami和范德比尔特-英格拉姆癌症中心的肿瘤内科专家Cathy Eng进行了讨论。
 
Dr. Sepideh Gholami(左)、Dr. Cathy Eng(右)
 
有明确的证据表明,基于氟嘧啶的辅助治疗可改善晚期非转移性结直肠癌患者的OS[3]。然而,对于接受根治性肝切除术的患者,在围手术期使用全身治疗缺乏相同水平的证据[4-7]。尽管如此,对于可切除的CRLM,大多数肿瘤学家已经采用并支持辅助/围手术期全身化疗治疗。
 
结直肠癌肝转移的关键试验
 
围手术期的关键试验是EPOC研究(EORTC-40983)[8,9]。这项Ⅲ期随机对照试验由Nordlinger及其同事报道,在364例仅局限于肝转移、可切除(≤4个转移灶)CRLM的患者中比较了围手术期FOLFOX4和手术与单独手术的效果。初步结果表明,与单独手术相比,围手术期化疗和肝切除术已达到改善3年无进展生存期(PFS)的主要终点(33.2% vs. 42.4%[34.0,50.5];HR 0.73 [0.55,0.97];P=0.025)。然而,在8.5年的延长中位随访后,OS没有统计学差异(61.3个月 vs. 54.3个月;HR 0.88,95%CI[0.68,1.14];P=0.34),5年OS率也相似(51.2% vs. 47.8%;P=0.34)[9]。尽管该样本量不足以证明OS改善,但围手术期化疗被采用为可切除CRLM患者的可接受标准治疗,特别是在西方国家[10]。
 
最近,在围手术期进行的FOLFOX/CAPOX联合或不联合西妥昔单抗的Ⅱ期EPOC试验得出了沉重的结果[11]。因为随机分配到研究组的患者的PFS显著降低,这项研究提早结束。自这些结果发表以来,在可切除肝转移患者群体中进行的研究试验有限。
 
2021年,Kanemitsu等人在一项纳入300例仅有肝转移患者的Ⅲ期试验中报告,接受肝切除术和辅助化疗对比单独肝切除术治疗改善患者的无病生存期(DFS)[12]。中位随访59个月后,研究人员发现两组5年DFS率的绝对差异为11%,辅助化疗组更有利(39% vs. 50%;HR 0.67;P=0.006)。有趣的是,辅助化疗组表现出OS恶化的趋势,这可能归因于所提供的复发后化疗方案的异质性。
 
改良的化疗方案,包括增加FOLFOXIRI方案,以及考量到分子改变(RAS状态),已被纳入到最近的试验中。例如,OLIVIA试验显示,在最初不可切除的CRLM患者中,贝伐珠单抗联合FOLFOXIRI与贝伐珠单抗联合改良的FOLFOX6相比,具有更高的缓解率、切除率和PFS[13]。同样,在2022年ASCO年会上公布的CAIRO-5试验结果指出,当给予FOLFOXIRI加贝伐珠单抗后,右侧肿瘤患者的PFS得到改善[14]。值得注意的是,当为左侧RAS野生型肿瘤提供抗EGFR或抗VEGF治疗时,PFS没有差异。目前,上述两项研究的生存数据尚不成熟。
 
结直肠癌肝转移的持续挑战
 
一个重要的争议是,对于接受根治性切除术的CRLM患者,是否应将较短的RFS/DFS用作围手术期全身治疗新标准的基础。各种研究表明,RFS和OS之间的相关性相对较弱,这很可能是由复发模式和剩余挽救疗法的不平衡所引起的[15]。在此情况中使用RFS作为终点是非常复杂的,因为首个复发相关的事件不一定与长期OS相关联。因此,其他专家已经证明了OS的替代终点,例如手术失败的时间。而Oba等人报告指出,切除残余肝脏的复发灶可以提供生存益处[16,17]。事实上,已公布的EPOC试验的长期结果显示,超过40%的患者接受了序贯切除术[18]。这些反对PFS的论点并不是说PFS本身仍不能成为预测的宝贵终点。
 
根据现有文献,在确定OS因围手术期化疗而有所改善方面,挑战仍然存在。尽管在以治愈为目的的治疗环境中,OS在直觉上是一个更合适的终点,但能够确定OS在统计学上具有显著差异的Ⅲ期试验将需要大量的样本、进行可行的入组,且具有沉重的经济负担。此外,在这一点上,一项具有统计学意义结果的、具有适当把握度的研究不太可能有足够的说服力来改变临床实践。DFS和OS在早期和晚期结肠癌中的相关性之前已经被广泛描述过[19,20]。很明显,随着采用更积极的挽救治疗方案,确定DFS/PFS与OS之间的相关性就越具有挑战性。值得注意的是,近20年来,美国食品药品管理局一直使用3年DFS作为OS的等效监管终点,以用于结肠癌辅助治疗的完全批准[21]。
 
结论
 
鉴于现有文献中缺乏公认的分层标准和终点,化疗联合CLRM切除术的最佳作用尚不清楚。显而易见的是,围手术期/辅助化疗对这一患者群体的预期益处可能被高估了,因此,许多患者可能被过度治疗。展望未来,我们建议使用新型疗法和替代终点以及风险分层策略进行研究性试验,以确定可能受益于围手术期全身治疗的CRLM患者亚组。
 
随着分子靶向治疗领域的不断发展和我们对耐药机制的理解不断深入,我们应该探索新的方法。我们想强调的是,对于任何未来的研究,“可切除”疾病的定义、预定义亚组和分子/免疫谱是必要的。最后,CRLM研究为新药开发和早期反应生物标志物(如循环肿瘤DNA)提供了理想的平台。
 
参考文献:(滑动查看)
 
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