编者按:PD-L1已被确认为几种肿瘤中免疫治疗反应的预测生物标志物,CPS常被认为是胃癌中更有用的评分方法。罗格斯大学罗伯特伍德约翰逊医学院的Constance Fiocco教授和纽约大学Langone Health Perlmutter癌症中心的Kristen Spencer教授在本文中详述了CPS评分在定义胃癌中的PD-L1表达中面临的一些挑战及其对选择合适的胃癌患者进行免疫治疗方法的影响。
免疫疗法极大地影响了胃癌的治疗前景。PD-L1表达通常由免疫组织化学确定,已被确认为几种肿瘤中免疫治疗反应的预测生物标志物,据报道,在高达40%~65%的胃癌中,其表达水平升高。[1,2] 综合阳性评分(CPS)和肿瘤比例评分均被提议用于PD-L1免疫染色评分(图1); 然而,CPS被认为是胃癌中更有用的评分方法。[3]
图1 CPS评分和TPS评分的计算方法
Kristen Spencer教授
尽管CPS最初显示出希望,但PD-L1表达水平对免疫疗法的反应不一致。[1,4-10] 纳武利尤单抗联合化疗对比单独化疗在未经治疗、晚期不可切除或转移性胃癌患者中的3期 CheckMate-649 试验表明在CPS ≥ 5患者中联合治疗达到了改善总生存期 (OS) 和无进展生存期 (PFS) 的主要终点,尽管在CPS ≥ 1患者和所有随机分配的患者中也观察到PFS和OS的改善。[9] 这些结果在24个月时持续,因此美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了该组合用于晚期胃癌,无论PD-L1表达如何。[10] 相反,对比纳武利尤单抗联合化疗与化疗加安慰剂的3期ATTRACTION-4试验改善了未经治疗的晚期、不可切除或转移性胃癌或胃食管交界癌亚洲患者的PFS,但不能改善OS。[11] KEYNOTE-062试验将帕博利珠单抗、化疗或帕博利珠单抗联合化疗用于晚期不可切除或转移性胃癌且CPS ≥ 1的患者,表明与单独化疗相比,联合用药对PFS或OS没有改善。在CPS≥10的患者中,该组合也没有优于OS,尽管在该亚组中,帕博利珠单抗单药治疗似乎比单独化疗改善OS(未经过统计学测试)。
Constance Fiocco教授
在难治性胃癌中,检查点抑制剂单药治疗的结果同样相互矛盾,从PD-L1表达水平的反应和OS的改善,到化疗后无论PD-L1表达如何都未能改善OS。然而,上述许多研究表明较高的PD-L1表达水平与更大的治疗效果之间存在关系。[6,7] FDA批准帕博利珠单抗加速批准用于复发性、局部晚期或转移性胃癌患者,这些患者经2线或更多治疗中疾病进展并具有PD-L1表达(CPS ≥ 1)。
上述不一致之处凸显了使用PD-L1作为预测生物标志物的几个挑战,包括:
• 不同临床试验中使用的可变PD-L1染色临界值;
•与肿瘤内和肿瘤间空间异质性相关的异质染色,肿瘤微环境(TME)中各种细胞类型的瞬时PD-L1表达,以及响应与免疫效应细胞相互作用或响应先前治疗的表达改变;
•检测结果对技术因素的脆弱性,例如使用的抗体和平台、染色方法以及组织检索的部位和方法;
•PD-L1表达的起源影响结果的显著性。
在本文中,我们回顾了其中一些挑战及其对选择合适的胃癌患者进行免疫治疗方法的影响。
PD-L1作为预测性生物标志物的挑战
用于确定试验资格的不一致的PD-L1染色临界值在早期成为解释研究结果的障碍;然而,进一步的工作发现动态TME是测定可靠性的障碍。PD-L1表达常见于肿瘤-基质界面,但定量分析将其描述为固有的局灶性和异质性。这可能部分是由于位于TME内不同区室中的无数免疫细胞和基质细胞表达PD-L1。[16,18]在胃食管癌中,PD-L1主要由侵袭性边缘的巨噬细胞表达。[2,24]此外,细胞可以暂时地表达PD-L1,并且通常因肿瘤类型和对各种刺激(包括细胞间相互作用和先前的治疗)而变化。[2,17-19,25]例如,TME中伴随的B细胞浸润强度与几种肿瘤类型的PD-L1表达显著相关,并且放化疗已被证明在食管癌中以剂量依赖性方式暂时增加免疫细胞的PD-L1表达。[2,18]
结语
总之,尽管PD-L1表达现在被常规报道用于许多肿瘤类型,但其临床效用仍不清楚。特别是在胃癌中,CPS水平和影响PD-L1评分的EB病毒阳性和微卫星不稳定性等因素对免疫治疗的反应不一致,表明CPS并不能说明全部情况。[2]此外,鉴于目前可用的PD-L1测定的局限性以及单独和联合免疫治疗的活性和耐受性,我们认为免疫治疗应仅提供给CPS≥1的晚期胃癌患者。迫切需要对新型生物标志物进行持续研究,这些生物标志物可能更能预测这些患者对免疫治疗的反应。
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