编者按:目前有多项研究调查了液体活检在胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤(GEP-NEN)中的应用,得克萨斯大学安德森癌症中心的Caitlin A. McIntyre教授和Alexander A. Parikh教授在本文详细阐述了液体活检对于GEP-NEN临床决策的影响。
要点
多项研究调查了液体活检在胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤(GEP-NEN)中的应用,包括循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)和基因表达谱的评估。目前,支持常规使用循环生物标志物来指导GEP-NEN治疗决策的数据还不可靠,还需要在该领域开展额外的工作。
胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤(GEP-NEN)是一组异质性肿瘤,具有多种生物学特性,包括从高分化神经内分泌肿瘤(NET)到低分化神经内分泌癌(NEC)等。这种变异性使得识别用于诊断和管理这种疾病的生物标志物特别具有挑战性。目前基于血液的生物标志物,如嗜铬粒蛋白A和神经元特异性烯醇化酶的效用有限。最近研究表明,液体活检在各种癌症类型的诊断、管理和预后中具有潜在价值,然而它们尚未用于GEP-NEN。液体活检有许多好处:包括侵入性更小、获得速度更快、能够实时监测疾病状态和评估治疗反应,甚至可能捕获组织活检可能遗漏的肿瘤异质性。在GEP-NEN等肿瘤类型中使用无创检测很有前景,因为患者通常病程较长并接受过多线治疗。
Caitlin A. McIntyre教授
评估液体活检在GEP-NEN中效用的最新研究
研究表明,GEP-NEN患者血液中的循环生物标志物包括ctDNA、循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)、RNA和microRNA等与患者的预后相关。最广为人知的检测工具是NETest,这是一种基于血液的51个相关NET基因的基因表达谱[1-3]。结果以0~100的等级进行量化,阴性定义为<20,21~40表示疾病稳定,41~100表示疾病进展。该检测已被证明与GEP-NET以及其他NET类型的肿瘤负荷和影像学检查结果相关。它已被证明具有预测性和预后性,可用于监测对治疗的反应,数据表明它对复发性疾病的预测率为94%[4-5]。AlexanderA.Parikh博士
GEP-NEN中液体活检的注意事项
一般来说,液体活检存在几个局限性,特别是在NEN中还有其他需要考虑的因素。基于血液的生物标志物检测可能具有挑战性,结果可能因疾病阶段而异,在高级别肿瘤或更晚期疾病中检出率更高。考虑到NENs总体上肿瘤突变负担较低,特别是在局部和/或分化良好的肿瘤中,因此这一点在NENs中尤为明显。GEP-NEN中的数据也受到异质性的限制。鉴于该疾病的罕见性,研究包括多个起源部位和不同级别的肿瘤,并涉及晚期或转移性疾病患者,因此增加了肿瘤负荷。此外,使用的DNA或RNA panel和检测测量值存在差异,使研究难以比较和验证。GEP-NEN中液体活检的未来
液体活检的使用在GEP-NEN患者的特定研究中显示出潜力,然而什么时候才能达到影响临床决策的地步呢?理想情况下,液体活检将能够指导治疗决策,例如管理或改用哪种治疗方式(即全身性药物、PRRT),何时应积极切除转移性疾病以及何时应切除弥漫性转移性疾病患者的原发肿瘤等。鉴于GEP-NEN的异质性,还必须根据每种检测适用的原发肿瘤部位、肿瘤分级和疾病分期来定义标准。目前,GEP-NEN中基于组织的下一代测序几乎没有可操作的突变,因此基于循环生物标志物进行治疗的潜力有限。最后,这些基于血液的生物标志物必须在随机试验中进行外部验证和评估。参考文献
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